{"id":4213,"date":"2022-03-12T00:10:00","date_gmt":"2022-03-11T23:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/?p=4213"},"modified":"2022-03-19T22:15:55","modified_gmt":"2022-03-19T21:15:55","slug":"struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/","title":{"rendered":"The structure of the Jewish community in Trzemeszno"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4213\" class=\"elementor elementor-4213\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3dcf236 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"3dcf236\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f7e0837 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"f7e0837\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-069a443 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"069a443\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>At the beginning of the 19th century, a group of several dozen German Jews established a Jewish community in Trzemeszno, called kehile in Yiddish and kehilla or kehillah in Hebrew (Hebrew: \u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4). Kaha\u0142 is a Polish version of these words. Until 1833, it was headed by the elders. The decree of the 1st of June 1833, issued by the Prussian government introduced the obligation to establish the so-called board of directors \u201cto assume full authority and responsibility\u201d. The next decree of the 14th of January, 1834, defined each Jewish community in the province as a corporation, thanks to which Jews were recognized as citizens of the town\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Cullman P.S., <em>Historia \u017byd\u00f3w w Pile [History of the Jewish Community of Schneidem\u00fchl -1641 to the Holocaust]<\/em>, Stowarzyszenie Inicjatyw Spo\u0142ecznych EFFATA, Pi\u0142a 2017, p. 76.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. This is also the term used in two documents of Rabbi Heimann Wolffsohn for the designation of the Jewish community in Wiele\u0144 (German: Filehne ), where he came from (photo 1) and in Trzemeszno, which employed him during the years 1837-1841 and (photo 2).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-05f110b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"05f110b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47ecc35 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"47ecc35\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54a3bec exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"54a3bec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/fot1.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"Fot. 1. Patent naturalizacyjny Heimanna Wolffsohna z 18.08.1836 r. (\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: Archiwum Uniwersytetu w Southampton)\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDIxNSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3p5ZHppLXRyemVtZXN6bm8ucGxcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjJcLzAzXC9mb3QxLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"492\" height=\"620\" src=\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/fot1-492x620.png\" class=\"attachment-neve-blog size-neve-blog wp-image-4215\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Photo 1. Heimann Wolffsohn's naturalization patent of August 18, 1836. (Source: the University of Southampton's Archives )<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fce65cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"fce65cb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0a4dbb exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"e0a4dbb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-869b159 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"869b159\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><br>Naturalization procedure<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-02dbec5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"02dbec5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4e6a7b9 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"4e6a7b9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c165573 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c165573\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The first of the documents is the so-called naturalization patent. The aforementioned decree divided Jews in The Grand Duchy of Posen (German: Gro\u00dfherzogtum Posen; Polish: Wielkie Ksi\u0119stwo Pozna\u0144skie) into naturalized, tolerated, and eligible for expulsion. \u201cNaturalizing\u201d the  Jews was meant to equate them to the Christian population, although \"many restrictions were still imposed on them. (...) they could not hold any state offices or managerial functions in the municipal council, and they could not be elected to local government assemblies (powiat in Polish), commune assemblies, and provincial assemblies. In addition, there were two more recommendations that Jews had to pay recruitment tax instead of military service and that they could not move to the old provinces without the approval of the minister of the interior. (...) Within the provinces, naturalized Jews could settle wherever they wanted, practice any profession, buy real estate without additional conditions and apply for municipal rights, thanks to which they could be elected not as mayors, but as councilors\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kemlein S., <em>Jews in the Grand Duchy of Pozna\u0144 1815-1848<\/em>, Wydawnictwo Pozna\u0144skie, Pozna\u0144 2001, pp. 119-120.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. To obtain this patent, the following requirements had to be met: <br \/>1) enjoy an impeccable opinion, <br \/>2) know the German language and undertake to use it in all public matters, <br \/>3) adopt a permanent surname, <br \/>4) have a permanent residence in the Grand Duchy of Posen from June 1, 1815, or - in the case of later settlement - obtain a permit from the state authorities, <br \/>5) have a sufficient source of income from scientific or artistic activity or land ownership cultivated in person and providing support to the family, or in the city - from craftsmanship or ownership of an indebted real estate with a value of at least 2,000 thalers or the capital of 5000 thalers. <br \/>The last condition could be replaced with \"special merits to the state through patriotic deeds\"<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid, pp. 165-166.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f5cac8b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"f5cac8b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0172c75 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"0172c75\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f89246 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f89246\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Two Jewish authors from the beginning of the 20th century \u2014 Herzberg and Heppner \u2014 in their book <em>Aus Vergangenheit und Gegenwart der Juden und der jued. Gemeinden in den Posener Landen; nach gedruckten und ungedruckten Quellen<\/em> provides information about 16 naturalized Jews living in Trzemeszno during the years 1834-1835 <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Heppner A., Herzberg I., <em>Aus Vergangenheit und Gegenwart der Juden und der jued. Gemeinden in den Posener Landen; nach gedruckten und ungedruckten Quellen<\/em>, Ko\u017amin - Bydgoszcz 1909, p. 991.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. It should be noted that they constituted a narrow group in the then Jewish community, which in 1831 numbered 130 people<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><em>Dzieje Trzemeszna [The History of Trzemeszno]<\/em>, Cz. \u0141uczak [Ed.], Wydawnictwo WBP, Pozna\u0144 2002, p. 114.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Why so narrow? The reason was not the lack of interest of Jews in obtaining this patent, but the politics of the officials granting it. Sophie Kemlein, in her book <em>Jews in the Grand Duchy of Pozna\u0144 1815-1848<\/em> , outlines the difficulties faced by applicants for a naturalization patent. In practice, the provincial authorities introduced additional criteria which they applied subjectively and unequally to all. In the end, the historian concludes that \"the Jews were still left to the grace and disfavor of the officials in this matter, so important for their existence\"<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kemlein, op. cit., p. 178.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. As a result, only every fifth application for naturalization in the Pozna\u0144 voivodeship was considered positive<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid, p. 167.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8f88568 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"8f88568\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d946804 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"d946804\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fec534e exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fec534e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><br>Rabbi Heimann Wolffsohn - a citizen of Trzemeszno.\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1c641d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"1c641d6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-822fe2c exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"822fe2c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-087e7be exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"087e7be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>26-year-old Heimann Hermann Wolffsohn, son of Adele and Wolf Wolffsohn from Wiele\u0144, was one of the \"lucky\" men who received a naturalization patent in 1836. Only with it, he could apply for citizenship of the town of Trzemeszno, where, as I mentioned, he was employed by a Jewish corporation in 1837.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51bd2d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"51bd2d2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-428a943 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"428a943\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abbdd8e exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"abbdd8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/fot2.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"Fot. 2. Kontrakt zawarty przez Heimanna Wolffsohna z gmin\u0105 \u017cydowsk\u0105 w Trzemesznie z 2.01.1837 r. (\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: Archiwum Uniwersytetu w Southampton)\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDIxNiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3p5ZHppLXRyemVtZXN6bm8ucGxcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjJcLzAzXC9mb3QyLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"396\" height=\"620\" src=\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/fot2-396x620.png\" class=\"attachment-neve-blog size-neve-blog wp-image-4216\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Photo 2. Contract concluded by Heimann Wolffsohn with the Jewish community in Trzemeszno on the 2nd of January 1837. (Source: the University of Southampton's Archives)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f5f6405 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"f5f6405\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f37e82b exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"f37e82b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c3316c exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c3316c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Wolffsohn performed the functions of a rabbi, shochet (a ritual slaughterer ), mohel (the one who performs the circumcision), and cantor. As we learn from the documents of the Southampton archive, the management of the Jewish community in Trzemeszno also entrusted him with the function of the treasurer. He was granted the citizenship of the town of Trzemeszno on the 29th of May, 1839 (photo 3).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-198d306 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"198d306\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5229600 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"5229600\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9b199f exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d9b199f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/fot.3_list-obywatelski-po-polsku.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"Fot. 3. Akt przyznaj\u0105cy Heimannowi Wolffsohnowi obywatelstwo miasta Trzemeszna z 29.05.1839 r. (\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: Archiwum Uniwersytetu w Southampton)\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDIxOCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3p5ZHppLXRyemVtZXN6bm8ucGxcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjJcLzAzXC9mb3QuM19saXN0LW9ieXdhdGVsc2tpLXBvLXBvbHNrdS5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"417\" height=\"620\" src=\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/fot.3_list-obywatelski-po-polsku-417x620.png\" class=\"attachment-neve-blog size-neve-blog wp-image-4218\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Photo 3. The act granting Heimann Wolffsohn the citizenship of Trzemeszno on the 29th of May, 1839. (Source: the University of Southampton's Archives)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b9b515 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"2b9b515\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-11e68bd exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"11e68bd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b271a23 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b271a23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The content of the citizen's letter was as follows (spelling according to the original document):<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f568abf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"f568abf\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2bb690d exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"2bb690d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f809c7 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f809c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><br>Citizenship letter\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e452fd6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"e452fd6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-95598b8 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"95598b8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b256df exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b256df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>The Trzemeszno magistrate in the Grand Duchy of Posen and the Kingdom of Prussia hereby certifies that the Rabbi, Mr. Heimann Wolffsohn<\/em><br \/><em>after completing everything necessary, according to his request, was accepted as a citizen of the town, and by making an oath in the presence of our rite, the following:<\/em><br \/><br \/><br \/><\/p><p style=\"font-size: 28px;\"><em>I, Heimann Wolffsohn<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88d42c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"88d42c5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e2cc60 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"5e2cc60\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a99fe34 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a99fe34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>swear by Almighty God that, having been accepted by the magistrate as a citizen of the His Majesty, King of Prussia, my beloved, faithful and subordinate Lord, obedient to local sovereignty, for the good of the town and its citizens, try to fulfill my obligations as a town citizen as strictly and conscientiously as possible and to act as a faithful citizen of the town under all circumstances. So help me, God, through his Son Jesus Christ, who sincerely vows to fulfill all civic duties, subject to all rights and obligations of a town citizen. By granting this certificate to Mr. Heimann Wolffsohn<\/em><br \/><br \/><em>He will be under the protection of the law, as long as he is worthy of it, which is confirmed by the seal of the town.<\/em><br \/><br \/><em>On the 29th of May, 1839  in Trzemeszno<\/em><br \/><em>Municipality.<\/em><\/p><p><em>Letter for Citizenship<\/em><br \/><em>for <\/em><br \/><em>Rabbi Mr. Heimann Wolffsohn<\/em> <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d9f4c06 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"d9f4c06\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0aeadcc exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"0aeadcc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed20aeb exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ed20aeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><br>Certificate of the Jewish community\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ef6a277 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"ef6a277\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8896f11 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"8896f11\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8583586 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8583586\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>After the end of the contract, the commune board issued a very positive opinion to Wolffsohn, and its content was as follows:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48df83e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"48df83e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dbebb62 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"dbebb62\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa968c7 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa968c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Naturalized vice-rabbi and ritual slaughterer,<\/em><br \/><em>Mr. Heiman Wolffsohn, with his extraordinary<\/em><br \/><em>and noble conduct<\/em><br \/><em>during the four years when he held the position <\/em><br \/><em>during the four years when he held the position of vice-rabbi, shochet, and<\/em><br \/><em>cantor, as well as by the caring behavior<\/em><br \/><em>required by the dignity of this position,<\/em><br \/><em>he has earned our true respect, and we are ready<\/em><br \/><em>to give him this truly deserved testimony,<\/em><br \/><em>where at the same time we find a reason<\/em><br \/><em>to give him our most kind thanks<\/em><br \/><em>for the proper management of the corporation's cash register.<\/em><\/p><p><em>Trzemeszno, on the 3rd of May, 1841<\/em><\/p><p><em>Representatives and administrative officials<\/em><br \/><em>of an Israeli corporation<\/em><\/p><p><em>Leib Lipman Citron<\/em><br \/><em>Marcus Wreszinski<\/em><br \/><em>M. Langer<\/em><br \/><em>Moses Su\u00dfkind<br \/><br \/><\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><em>Testimonial from the Trzemeszno Jewish community<\/em>, 3 May 1841, Hartley Library, University of Southampton, ref. MS 164 AJ 196 1\/6; translation by Krzysztof Tomala.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b6ce8e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"b6ce8e1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c5ed1d0 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"c5ed1d0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c1cffc exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8c1cffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><br>Corporate superiors\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f9c87bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"f9c87bb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-34de588 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"34de588\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d252da exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6d252da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The attached photo of the contract (photo 2) shows the signatures of the members of the board of the Jewish community in Trzemeszno. They were elected following the instruction of the Prussian authorities attached to the decree of 1833 quoted at the beginning. As Kemlein explains: \u201cThe members of the corporation entitled to vote elected representatives, who in turn chose administrative officials and advisers. Active and passive voting rights were held by all adult impeccable men who owned real estate or practiced an independent profession, or otherwise supported themselves\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid, p. 126.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. \u201cThe assembly of representatives exercised control over the corporation's finances and decided how the funds were used. Corporations were not allowed to take out loans without the approval of the authorities, nor to purchase or sell land or to impose new taxes. Every process, every employment contract, every wage arrangement, and every new budget had to receive the 'blessing' of the authorities henceforth. The administrative officer was the executive body of the assembly of representatives, although he was not subordinate to it and represented the corporation outside \u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid, p. 130.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Matters relating to religious worship were subordinate to the rabbi. He was elected by the majority of votes by the members of the corporation. He supervised the teaching of religion to Jewish children in elementary schools and licensed private teachers.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4b8966 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"d4b8966\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-97bea79 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"97bea79\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22233ca exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22233ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As evidenced by the documents from Southampton, one of the leaders of the Jewish community in Trzemeszno during the years of Rabbi Wolffsohn's office, i.e. 1837-1841, was Leib Lipmann Citron. And here it is worth mentioning that there is a fragment among the surviving matzevot with an inscription bearing the same name and surname. The given period of life 1794-1873 would also suggest that it is a stone from the grave of one of the first heads of this commune (photo 4).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52ca212 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"52ca212\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e820873 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"e820873\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2863778 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2863778\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/fot.-macewy-Leiba-Lipmanna-Citrona.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"Fot. 4. Macewa Leiba Lipmanna Citrona. (\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: Katarzyna Sudaj)\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDIxNywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3p5ZHppLXRyemVtZXN6bm8ucGxcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjJcLzAzXC9mb3QuLW1hY2V3eS1MZWliYS1MaXBtYW5uYS1DaXRyb25hLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/fot.-macewy-Leiba-Lipmanna-Citrona.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"Do &quot;Historia Spo\u0142eczno\u015bci&quot;-&quot;Struktura gminy \u017cydowskiej w Trzemesznie&quot;\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Photo 4. Matzeva of Leib Lipmann Citron. (Source: Katarzyna Sudaj)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-aabc7ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"aabc7ba\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f7347ad exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"f7347ad\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53452df exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53452df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The previously mentioned authors, Herzberg and Heppner, also mention in their book the names of later heads of the commune<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Heppner A., \u200b\u200bHerzberg I., op. cit., p. 991.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. It is worth mentioning that in 1905 one of them - Warschauer - was also the chairman of the municipal council. There was also a women's board. As a curiosity, I would like to mention that in 1892 he belonged to Wittusch Horwitz, the wife of the teacher Meyer Horwitz<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">W publikacjach spotka\u0142am si\u0119 z 3 zapisami nazwiska odnosz\u0105cego si\u0119 do tego samego ma\u0142\u017ce\u0144stwa: Hurwitz, Horwitz, Hartwitz. W dokumentach gminy \u017cydowskiej zgromadzonych w Archiwum Pa\u0144stwowym w&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_12');\">Czytaj dalej<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, who was the prototype of one of the heroines of Jolanta Pietz's novel <em>The Shadow of the sundial<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">She appears in the book as Ruta Harwitz.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cab9e6d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"cab9e6d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3444143 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"3444143\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13ac485 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13ac485\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><br>Prussian surveillance\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-485d1aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"485d1aa\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ede458 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"9ede458\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eee3eb0 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eee3eb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>After the decree of the 1st of June, 1833, in the Grand Duchy of Posen was introduced, \"the authorities designated corporation districts, namely for 75 corporations in Posen (Pozna\u0144)  governmental district and 49 in Bydgoszcz governmental district. The district was based on the old synagogue communities, but unlike the previous district, belonging to a specific corporation was not a matter of one's own choice or the decision of the community, but depended on the place of residence. (\u2026) This procedure guaranteed record and supervision of every Jew through the corporation. The presidents of synagogues still in office were obliged, under the threat of disciplinary penalties, to gather complete lists of all members of the corporation, along with family members and employees \u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Kemlein, op. cit., pp. 125-126.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. But as Kemlein continues, the Jews (most of them?) treated this state of affairs \"not as a loss of the previous autonomy of religious communities, but rather as a possibility of appealing to the Prussian authorities as a neutral institution in disputes\"<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid, pp. 135-136.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-704a079 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"704a079\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a8908aa exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"a8908aa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-deeb249 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"deeb249\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><br>Fight for autonomy\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-184db9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"184db9f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f1478c6 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"f1478c6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3239cdb exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3239cdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Jewish community in Trzemeszno was incorporated into the Bydgoszcz governmental district. It was not dissolved even when its number dropped drastically from a few hundred members to several dozen in the 1920s. Urszula Cynalewska recalls in <em>The History of Trzemeszno<\/em>the determination with which they fought to maintain the autonomy of the commune: \u201cDue to the small number of members, it was not possible to select a corporation consisting of nine representatives. In this situation, the magistrate suggested the starost liquidate the kehilla, to which the Jewish population, however, did not agree. It was also impossible to connect it to Mogilno, because this commune was threatened - for the same reason - with cessation of activity. Finally, in 1922, the voivode decided to keep the Jewish community in Trzemeszno and recommended a board of three members from among Jews entitled to vote (15-19 people)\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><em>Dzieje<\/em>..., op. cit., pp. 178-179.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7070c82 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"7070c82\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72f085e exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"72f085e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cee7cc0 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cee7cc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><br>Financial burdens and other obligations of members of the commune<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3a31409 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"3a31409\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bcb9b89 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"bcb9b89\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c6b885 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c6b885\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Adult members of the Jewish community were obliged to pay taxes, both to the municipal treasury and their community. According to Anna Bitner-Nowak, in 1903, Moses Marcus, a Jewish tailor was in fourth place among the 143 residents of Trzemeszno who paid tax for running an independent business related to manufacturing<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid, p. 125.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Moreover, the Jews contributed to the maintenance of the facilities of their community: the synagogue (including the rabbi's salary), schools (including the employment of teachers), and the cemetery. Moreover, they materially supported the poorest, orphans, and the sick, and from 1879 also through the Israel Women's Society<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[18]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid, p. 158.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. As S\u0142awomir Pastuszka explains: \"Cedaka (...) as a general term for showing acts of mercy has been one of the main principles of Judaism since Talmudic times\"<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[19]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Pastuszka S., <em>Izraelickie Towarzystwo Opieki nad Chorymi i Pogrzebowe w Pszczynie. Wyb\u00f3r \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/em>, Pszczy\u0144skie Centrum Kultury, Pszczyna 2017, p. 10.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. These glorious deeds also included services rendered to dying members of the community: \u201cpraying, providing spiritual support and keeping watch until death. After the death of a given person, the tasks include organizing a burial following the dictates of the Jewish religion, which mainly consists of cleaning the body, proper preparation of the coffin, sewing clothes, watching over the deceased, digging the grave, taking it to the cemetery and burying the body\"<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[20]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid, p. 11.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. In many communes, the ministry of deceased was performed by Chevra Kadisha (in Polish - \u201d\u015bwi\u0119te bractwo\u201d). So far, I have not come across any information that such an association would be established in Trzemeszno. Anna Bitner-Nowak mentions in The History of Trzemeszno that Jewish women associated with the Israel Women's Society in Trzemeszno took part in funerals. Perhaps it was they who performed the aforementioned service towards the near-death and the deceased.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-06f059d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"06f059d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bf7caa3 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"bf7caa3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13ccc71 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13ccc71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><br>Reformed commune<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a83f313 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"a83f313\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5573ffd exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"5573ffd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28ab687 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28ab687\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A copy of the Book of Remembrance entitled <em>Hazkarat Neshamot<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[21]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Hazkarat Neszamot , zwany Memorbuch (Ksi\u0119g\u0105 Pami\u0119ci), to wspomnienie zmar\u0142ych. Dokument znajduje si\u0119 w Archiwum w Jerozolimie. Kopia orygina\u0142u, kt\u00f3ry sp\u0142on\u0105\u0142 w synagodze w 1885 r., zosta\u0142a&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_21');\">Czytaj dalej<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> containing a prayer for Jewish martyrs and deceased rabbis, mentioning Rabbi Akiba Eger<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[22]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akiva_Eger\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akiva_Eger<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, testifies to the fact that the Jews of Three of Tiberias were supporters of the reform movement influenced by the Haskalah<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[23]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haskalah\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haskalah<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>Colloquially speaking - they went with the times. They changed their approach to religion, more and more often they opted for secular education. Getting to know their history from the very beginning, I was most amazed by their entrepreneurship (I will discuss it in a separate article) and the courage to start life in a new place. Their emigration to large cities in Germany was determined by improving their lives (developing their interests) and the existence of their children, where they could obtain higher education. Unfortunately, history showed that neither there nor in free Poland, they were not to remain safe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-95a75d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"95a75d6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-57955b9 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"57955b9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b73dc exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"36b73dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><br>In conclusion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6fedeb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"6fedeb1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-270eda1 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"270eda1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3befe37 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3befe37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I hope that the above outline of the process of building a Jewish community in Trzemeszno has brought you closer to what the Jewish settlers in this town had to deal with. They didn't come here as \"conquerors.\" They were treated by the Prussian authorities as second and third - class people with limited rights. The poorest of them were expelled beyond the borders of the Kingdom of Prussia. They obeyed Prussian law because they had no better alternative. Unfortunately, most of the Polish leaders of the uprisings and representatives of the nobility did not know, and often consciously did not want to make them allies in their cause for the country's independence. This issue, related to the problem of the (national and religious) identity of the German Jews, required a more extensive discussion in a separate article. Meanwhile, people interested in this subject are referred to the already existing historical publications<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[24]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Polecam dwie publikacje ksi\u0105\u017ckowe: cytowan\u0105 w artykule ksi\u0105\u017ck\u0119 Sophi Kemlein i prac\u0119 zbiorow\u0105 pod red. Jerzego Topolskiego i Krzysztofa Modelskiego \u017bydzi w Wielkopolsce na przestrzeni&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_4213_1('footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_24');\">Czytaj dalej<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_4213_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-62fef62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"62fef62\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee0cb35 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"ee0cb35\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a7ae5c exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a7ae5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>* * *<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1422aef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"1422aef\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-80733bd exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"80733bd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85d368e exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"85d368e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I would like to express my sincere thanks to the <strong>Archives of the University of Southampton<\/strong> (Hartley Library, University of Southampton), which made available for the above publication scans of documents with reference number MS 164 AJ 196 1\/6: Naturalization certificate for Wolfsohn, Bromberg, 18th of Aug, 1836 (photo 1); Trzemeszno Jewish community concludes the contract\nwith Wolfsohn, 2nd of Feb, 1837 (photo 3); Conferment of citizenship on Wolfsohn by the town\nof Trzemeszno, 29th of May, 1839 (photo 3). Each use of these scans in subsequent publications requires the consent of the above - mentioned archive.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3ac3f99 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"3ac3f99\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7cae8d8 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"7cae8d8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e2efc9 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5e2efc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I would also like to thank Mr. <strong>Krzysztof Tomala<\/strong> for his invaluable help in translating the documents and Mr. <strong>Krzysztof Bielawski<\/strong> for his kind comments.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9b32c88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"9b32c88\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0be802c exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"0be802c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f38074 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0f38074\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Agnieszka Kostuch<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bbefd89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"bbefd89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-no-translation=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f9d975c exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"f9d975c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-530d963 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"530d963\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Translated by Anna Keren<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-78c0f9a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"78c0f9a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-79f5621 exad-glass-effect-no exad-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"79f5621\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a32c7f1 exad-sticky-section-no exad-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a32c7f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>* * *<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_4213_1();\">Przypisy<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_4213_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_4213_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_4213_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Przypisy<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cullman P.S., <em>Historia \u017byd\u00f3w w Pile [History of the Jewish Community of Schneidem\u00fchl -1641 to the Holocaust]<\/em>, Stowarzyszenie Inicjatyw Spo\u0142ecznych EFFATA, Pi\u0142a 2017, p. 76.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kemlein S., <em>Jews in the Grand Duchy of Pozna\u0144 1815-1848<\/em>, Wydawnictwo Pozna\u0144skie, Pozna\u0144 2001, pp. 119-120.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid, pp. 165-166.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Heppner A., Herzberg I., <em>Aus Vergangenheit und Gegenwart der Juden und der jued. Gemeinden in den Posener Landen; nach gedruckten und ungedruckten Quellen<\/em>, Ko\u017amin - Bydgoszcz 1909, p. 991.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>Dzieje Trzemeszna [The History of Trzemeszno]<\/em>, Cz. \u0141uczak [Ed.], Wydawnictwo WBP, Pozna\u0144 2002, p. 114.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kemlein, op. cit., p. 178.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid, p. 167.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>Testimonial from the Trzemeszno Jewish community<\/em>, 3 May 1841, Hartley Library, University of Southampton, ref. MS 164 AJ 196 1\/6; translation by Krzysztof Tomala.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid, p. 126.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid, p. 130.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Heppner A., \u200b\u200bHerzberg I., op. cit., p. 991.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">In publications, I found 3 spells of a surname referring to the same marriage: Hurwitz,Horwitz, Hartwitz. In the documents of the Jewish community gathered in the State Archives in Bydgoszcz, Inowroc\u0142aw Branch, there are signatures of this couple as Meyer Hurwitz and Wittusch Horwitz. On the other hand, on Meyer's tombstone, there is an inscription \"Horwitz\". There is also a \"Horwitz\" version in the wedding note. Changing surnames among Jews was not uncommon, which is why this explains the discrepancies.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">She appears in the book as Ruta Harwitz.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Kemlein, op. cit., pp. 125-126.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid, pp. 135-136.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>Dzieje<\/em>..., op. cit., pp. 178-179.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid, p. 125.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid, p. 158.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_19');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_19\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Pastuszka S., <em>Izraelickie Towarzystwo Opieki nad Chorymi i Pogrzebowe w Pszczynie. Wyb\u00f3r \u017ar\u00f3de\u0142<\/em>, Pszczy\u0144skie Centrum Kultury, Pszczyna 2017, p. 10.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_20');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_20\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid, p. 11.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_21');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_21\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>Hazkarat Neshamot<\/em> , also known as the <em>Memorbuch<\/em> (Book of Remembrance), is a memory of the dead. The document is in the Archives in Jerusalem. A copy of the original, which burned down in the synagogue in 1885, was made by Samuel Rothmann.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_22');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_22\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akiva_Eger\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akiva_Eger<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_23');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_23\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haskalah\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haskalah<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_4213_1_24');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_4213_1_24\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">I recommend two book publications: the book by Sophie Kemlein quoted in the article and a collective work edited by Jerzy Topolski and Krzysztof Modelski, <em>\u017bydzi w Wielkopolsce na przestrzeni dziej\u00f3w<\/em> (Pozna\u0144 1999). <br \/><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_4213_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_4213_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_4213_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_4213_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_4213_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_4213_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_4213_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_4213_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_4213_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_4213_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_4213_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_4213_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_4213_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_4213_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>At the beginning of the 19th century, a group of several dozen German Jews established a Jewish community in Trzemeszno, called kehile in Yiddish and kehilla or kehillah in Hebrew (Hebrew: \u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4). Kaha\u0142 is a Polish version of these words. Until 1833, it was headed by the elders. The decree of the 1st of June 1833, issued by the Prussian government introduced the obligation to establish the so-called board of directors \u201cto assume full...<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4379,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"_ti_tpc_template_sync":false,"_ti_tpc_template_id":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4213","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historia-spolecznosci"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Struktura gminy \u017cydowskiej w Trzemesznie - Strona po\u015bwi\u0119cona historii \u017byd\u00f3w z Trzemeszna<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Struktura gminy \u017cydowskiej w Trzemesznie - Strona po\u015bwi\u0119cona historii \u017byd\u00f3w z Trzemeszna\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Na pocz\u0105tku XIX w. kilkudziesi\u0119cioosobowa grupa niemieckich \u017byd\u00f3w utworzy\u0142a w Trzemesznie gmin\u0119 \u017cydowsk\u0105, nazywan\u0105 w jidysz kehile, a po hebrajsku kehila. Spolszczon\u0105 wersj\u0105 tych s\u0142\u00f3w jest kaha\u0142. Do 1833 r. na jej czele sta\u0142a starszyzna. Dekret z 1 czerwca 1833 r. wydany przez pruski rz\u0105d wprowadzi\u0142 obowi\u0105zek powo\u0142ywania tzw. rady dyrektor\u00f3w, \u201ekt\u00f3ra mia\u0142a przej\u0105\u0107 pe\u0142ni\u0119\u2026\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Strona po\u015bwi\u0119cona historii \u017byd\u00f3w z Trzemeszna\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CmentarzZydowskiTrzemeszno\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-03-11T23:10:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-03-19T21:15:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Projekt-bez-tytulu-14.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"16 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/71f62455ef6ce606aaf2d18c4c3e430d\"},\"headline\":\"Struktura gminy \u017cydowskiej w Trzemesznie\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-03-11T23:10:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-03-19T21:15:55+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/\"},\"wordCount\":2902,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Projekt-bez-tytulu-14.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Historia spo\u0142eczno\u015bci\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/\",\"name\":\"Struktura gminy \u017cydowskiej w Trzemesznie - Strona po\u015bwi\u0119cona historii \u017byd\u00f3w z Trzemeszna\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Projekt-bez-tytulu-14.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-03-11T23:10:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-03-19T21:15:55+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Projekt-bez-tytulu-14.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Projekt-bez-tytulu-14.png\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":1024},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Strona g\u0142\u00f3wna\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Historia spo\u0142eczno\u015bci\",\"item\":\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/category\/historia-spolecznosci\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Struktura gminy \u017cydowskiej w Trzemesznie\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/\",\"name\":\"Strona po\u015bwi\u0119cona historii \u017byd\u00f3w z Trzemeszna\",\"description\":\"Dowiedz si\u0119 wi\u0119cej o \u017bydach z Trzemeszna, ich rodzinach, wspomnieniach oraz Cmentarzu \u017bydowskim w Trzemesznie.\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Strona po\u015bwi\u0119cona historii \u017byd\u00f3w z Trzemeszna\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cropped-zydzi-trzem-logo-21.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cropped-zydzi-trzem-logo-21.png\",\"width\":200,\"height\":120,\"caption\":\"Strona po\u015bwi\u0119cona historii \u017byd\u00f3w z Trzemeszna\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CmentarzZydowskiTrzemeszno\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCriHe7XL_3BRMosZAKSx77g\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/71f62455ef6ce606aaf2d18c4c3e430d\",\"name\":\"admin\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0451c305f1f0f7efaf4f8cffd143392a92373ffe50638bd4becbb39c5d8b86d3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0451c305f1f0f7efaf4f8cffd143392a92373ffe50638bd4becbb39c5d8b86d3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"admin\"},\"sameAs\":[\"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/author\/admin\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Struktura gminy \u017cydowskiej w Trzemesznie - Strona po\u015bwi\u0119cona historii \u017byd\u00f3w z Trzemeszna","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Struktura gminy \u017cydowskiej w Trzemesznie - Strona po\u015bwi\u0119cona historii \u017byd\u00f3w z Trzemeszna","og_description":"Na pocz\u0105tku XIX w. kilkudziesi\u0119cioosobowa grupa niemieckich \u017byd\u00f3w utworzy\u0142a w Trzemesznie gmin\u0119 \u017cydowsk\u0105, nazywan\u0105 w jidysz kehile, a po hebrajsku kehila. Spolszczon\u0105 wersj\u0105 tych s\u0142\u00f3w jest kaha\u0142. Do 1833 r. na jej czele sta\u0142a starszyzna. Dekret z 1 czerwca 1833 r. wydany przez pruski rz\u0105d wprowadzi\u0142 obowi\u0105zek powo\u0142ywania tzw. rady dyrektor\u00f3w, \u201ekt\u00f3ra mia\u0142a przej\u0105\u0107 pe\u0142ni\u0119\u2026","og_url":"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/","og_site_name":"Strona po\u015bwi\u0119cona historii \u017byd\u00f3w z Trzemeszna","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CmentarzZydowskiTrzemeszno","article_published_time":"2022-03-11T23:10:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-03-19T21:15:55+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":1024,"url":"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Projekt-bez-tytulu-14.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"16 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/71f62455ef6ce606aaf2d18c4c3e430d"},"headline":"Struktura gminy \u017cydowskiej w Trzemesznie","datePublished":"2022-03-11T23:10:00+00:00","dateModified":"2022-03-19T21:15:55+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/"},"wordCount":2902,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Projekt-bez-tytulu-14.png","articleSection":["Historia spo\u0142eczno\u015bci"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/","url":"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/","name":"Struktura gminy \u017cydowskiej w Trzemesznie - Strona po\u015bwi\u0119cona historii \u017byd\u00f3w z Trzemeszna","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Projekt-bez-tytulu-14.png","datePublished":"2022-03-11T23:10:00+00:00","dateModified":"2022-03-19T21:15:55+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Projekt-bez-tytulu-14.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Projekt-bez-tytulu-14.png","width":1024,"height":1024},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/historia-spolecznosci\/struktura-gminy-zydowskiej-w-trzemesznie\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Strona g\u0142\u00f3wna","item":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Historia spo\u0142eczno\u015bci","item":"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/category\/historia-spolecznosci\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Struktura gminy \u017cydowskiej w Trzemesznie"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/","name":"Strona po\u015bwi\u0119cona historii \u017byd\u00f3w z Trzemeszna","description":"Dowiedz si\u0119 wi\u0119cej o \u017bydach z Trzemeszna, ich rodzinach, wspomnieniach oraz Cmentarzu \u017bydowskim w Trzemesznie.","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#organization","name":"Strona po\u015bwi\u0119cona historii \u017byd\u00f3w z Trzemeszna","url":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cropped-zydzi-trzem-logo-21.png","contentUrl":"http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cropped-zydzi-trzem-logo-21.png","width":200,"height":120,"caption":"Strona po\u015bwi\u0119cona historii \u017byd\u00f3w z Trzemeszna"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CmentarzZydowskiTrzemeszno","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCriHe7XL_3BRMosZAKSx77g"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/71f62455ef6ce606aaf2d18c4c3e430d","name":"admin","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0451c305f1f0f7efaf4f8cffd143392a92373ffe50638bd4becbb39c5d8b86d3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0451c305f1f0f7efaf4f8cffd143392a92373ffe50638bd4becbb39c5d8b86d3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"admin"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl"],"url":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/author\/admin\/"}]}},"views":1693,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4213","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4213"}],"version-history":[{"count":128,"href":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4213\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5066,"href":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4213\/revisions\/5066"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4379"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4213"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4213"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zydzi-trzemeszno.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4213"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}